{
 "name": "Winter Window Light Index: December sunlight in the 50 largest U.S. cities",
 "license": "CC BY 4.0",
 "creator": "GrowSpot (growspotapp.com)",
 "sources": {
  "population": "U.S. Census Bureau, Vintage 2023 population estimates for incorporated places (SUB-EST2023, sub-est2023.csv, SUMLEV 162; consolidated cities ranked by their balance, as the Bureau does)",
  "coordinates": "U.S. Census Bureau, 2023 Gazetteer place file (INTPTLAT/INTPTLONG, the internal point of each place)",
  "override": "San Francisco: the Gazetteer internal point lies offshore because the city includes the Farallon Islands; City Hall (37.7793, -122.4193) is used instead.",
  "sunlight": "NASA POWER Climatology API (NASA Langley Research Center POWER Project), community RE, 25-year Meteorological and Solar Monthly & Annual Climatologies (January 2001 - December 2025), retrieved 2026-10-15",
  "daylight": "Computed from latitude: sunrise and sunset when the sun's centre is 0.833° below the horizon, solar declination −23.44° (21 December)."
 },
 "columns": {
  "december_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": "All Sky Surface Shortwave Downward Irradiance, kWh/m²/day, December monthly mean",
  "september_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": "Same, September monthly mean",
  "drop_september_to_december_pct": "(September − December) / September, rounded",
  "solstice_daylight_minutes": "Sunrise to sunset on 21 December"
 },
 "rows": [
  {
   "rank": 1,
   "city": "Miami",
   "state": "Florida",
   "population_rank_2023": 42,
   "population_2023": 455924,
   "latitude": 25.775163,
   "longitude": -80.208615,
   "december_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 3.45,
   "september_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 4.96,
   "drop_september_to_december_pct": 31,
   "solstice_daylight_minutes": 632
  },
  {
   "rank": 2,
   "city": "El Paso",
   "state": "Texas",
   "population_rank_2023": 23,
   "population_2023": 678958,
   "latitude": 31.84778,
   "longitude": -106.431106,
   "december_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 3.4,
   "september_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 5.99,
   "drop_september_to_december_pct": 43,
   "solstice_daylight_minutes": 604
  },
  {
   "rank": 3,
   "city": "Tampa",
   "state": "Florida",
   "population_rank_2023": 49,
   "population_2023": 403364,
   "latitude": 27.966262,
   "longitude": -82.477618,
   "december_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 3.29,
   "september_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 5.19,
   "drop_september_to_december_pct": 37,
   "solstice_daylight_minutes": 622
  },
  {
   "rank": 4,
   "city": "Tucson",
   "state": "Arizona",
   "population_rank_2023": 33,
   "population_2023": 547239,
   "latitude": 32.153036,
   "longitude": -110.870773,
   "december_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 3.25,
   "september_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 5.9,
   "drop_september_to_december_pct": 45,
   "solstice_daylight_minutes": 602
  },
  {
   "rank": 5,
   "city": "Phoenix",
   "state": "Arizona",
   "population_rank_2023": 5,
   "population_2023": 1650070,
   "latitude": 33.572154,
   "longitude": -112.090132,
   "december_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 3.08,
   "september_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 6.16,
   "drop_september_to_december_pct": 50,
   "solstice_daylight_minutes": 595
  },
  {
   "rank": 6,
   "city": "Mesa",
   "state": "Arizona",
   "population_rank_2023": 36,
   "population_2023": 511648,
   "latitude": 33.400626,
   "longitude": -111.716487,
   "december_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 3.04,
   "september_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 6.09,
   "drop_september_to_december_pct": 50,
   "solstice_daylight_minutes": 596
  },
  {
   "rank": 7,
   "city": "San Diego",
   "state": "California",
   "population_rank_2023": 8,
   "population_2023": 1388320,
   "latitude": 32.814977,
   "longitude": -117.135562,
   "december_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 2.92,
   "september_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 5.35,
   "drop_september_to_december_pct": 45,
   "solstice_daylight_minutes": 599
  },
  {
   "rank": 8,
   "city": "Los Angeles",
   "state": "California",
   "population_rank_2023": 2,
   "population_2023": 3820914,
   "latitude": 34.019394,
   "longitude": -118.410825,
   "december_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 2.86,
   "september_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 6.26,
   "drop_september_to_december_pct": 54,
   "solstice_daylight_minutes": 593
  },
  {
   "rank": 9,
   "city": "Albuquerque",
   "state": "New Mexico",
   "population_rank_2023": 32,
   "population_2023": 560274,
   "latitude": 35.10478,
   "longitude": -106.646809,
   "december_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 2.83,
   "september_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 5.82,
   "drop_september_to_december_pct": 51,
   "solstice_daylight_minutes": 587
  },
  {
   "rank": 10,
   "city": "Long Beach",
   "state": "California",
   "population_rank_2023": 44,
   "population_2023": 449468,
   "latitude": 33.780791,
   "longitude": -118.16818,
   "december_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 2.83,
   "september_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 5.47,
   "drop_september_to_december_pct": 48,
   "solstice_daylight_minutes": 594
  },
  {
   "rank": 11,
   "city": "San Antonio",
   "state": "Texas",
   "population_rank_2023": 7,
   "population_2023": 1495295,
   "latitude": 29.462809,
   "longitude": -98.524635,
   "december_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 2.8,
   "september_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 5.21,
   "drop_september_to_december_pct": 46,
   "solstice_daylight_minutes": 615
  },
  {
   "rank": 12,
   "city": "Jacksonville",
   "state": "Florida",
   "population_rank_2023": 10,
   "population_2023": 985843,
   "latitude": 30.336864,
   "longitude": -81.661603,
   "december_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 2.76,
   "september_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 4.9,
   "drop_september_to_december_pct": 44,
   "solstice_daylight_minutes": 611
  },
  {
   "rank": 13,
   "city": "Austin",
   "state": "Texas",
   "population_rank_2023": 11,
   "population_2023": 979882,
   "latitude": 30.298622,
   "longitude": -97.754134,
   "december_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 2.74,
   "september_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 5.2,
   "drop_september_to_december_pct": 47,
   "solstice_daylight_minutes": 611
  },
  {
   "rank": 14,
   "city": "Arlington",
   "state": "Texas",
   "population_rank_2023": 50,
   "population_2023": 398431,
   "latitude": 32.700708,
   "longitude": -97.124691,
   "december_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 2.7,
   "september_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 5.24,
   "drop_september_to_december_pct": 49,
   "solstice_daylight_minutes": 600
  },
  {
   "rank": 15,
   "city": "Fort Worth",
   "state": "Texas",
   "population_rank_2023": 12,
   "population_2023": 978468,
   "latitude": 32.781954,
   "longitude": -97.348573,
   "december_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 2.7,
   "september_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 5.24,
   "drop_september_to_december_pct": 49,
   "solstice_daylight_minutes": 599
  },
  {
   "rank": 16,
   "city": "Las Vegas",
   "state": "Nevada",
   "population_rank_2023": 24,
   "population_2023": 660929,
   "latitude": 36.233499,
   "longitude": -115.264037,
   "december_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 2.66,
   "september_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 6.16,
   "drop_september_to_december_pct": 57,
   "solstice_daylight_minutes": 581
  },
  {
   "rank": 17,
   "city": "Houston",
   "state": "Texas",
   "population_rank_2023": 4,
   "population_2023": 2314157,
   "latitude": 29.785743,
   "longitude": -95.388806,
   "december_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 2.64,
   "september_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 5.03,
   "drop_september_to_december_pct": 48,
   "solstice_daylight_minutes": 614
  },
  {
   "rank": 18,
   "city": "Dallas",
   "state": "Texas",
   "population_rank_2023": 9,
   "population_2023": 1302868,
   "latitude": 32.793333,
   "longitude": -96.766513,
   "december_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 2.59,
   "september_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 5.21,
   "drop_september_to_december_pct": 50,
   "solstice_daylight_minutes": 599
  },
  {
   "rank": 19,
   "city": "Bakersfield",
   "state": "California",
   "population_rank_2023": 47,
   "population_2023": 413381,
   "latitude": 35.353171,
   "longitude": -119.037919,
   "december_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 2.48,
   "september_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 6.28,
   "drop_september_to_december_pct": 61,
   "solstice_daylight_minutes": 586
  },
  {
   "rank": 20,
   "city": "Colorado Springs",
   "state": "Colorado",
   "population_rank_2023": 39,
   "population_2023": 488664,
   "latitude": 38.867255,
   "longitude": -104.760749,
   "december_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 2.44,
   "september_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 5.53,
   "drop_september_to_december_pct": 56,
   "solstice_daylight_minutes": 566
  },
  {
   "rank": 21,
   "city": "Oklahoma City",
   "state": "Oklahoma",
   "population_rank_2023": 20,
   "population_2023": 702767,
   "latitude": 35.467079,
   "longitude": -97.513657,
   "december_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 2.4,
   "september_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 5.14,
   "drop_september_to_december_pct": 53,
   "solstice_daylight_minutes": 585
  },
  {
   "rank": 22,
   "city": "Atlanta",
   "state": "Georgia",
   "population_rank_2023": 37,
   "population_2023": 510823,
   "latitude": 33.762909,
   "longitude": -84.422675,
   "december_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 2.37,
   "september_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 4.82,
   "drop_september_to_december_pct": 51,
   "solstice_daylight_minutes": 594
  },
  {
   "rank": 23,
   "city": "Raleigh",
   "state": "North Carolina",
   "population_rank_2023": 41,
   "population_2023": 482295,
   "latitude": 35.831868,
   "longitude": -78.641042,
   "december_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 2.31,
   "september_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 4.65,
   "drop_september_to_december_pct": 50,
   "solstice_daylight_minutes": 583
  },
  {
   "rank": 24,
   "city": "Charlotte",
   "state": "North Carolina",
   "population_rank_2023": 15,
   "population_2023": 911311,
   "latitude": 35.209045,
   "longitude": -80.83099,
   "december_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 2.29,
   "september_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 4.71,
   "drop_september_to_december_pct": 51,
   "solstice_daylight_minutes": 587
  },
  {
   "rank": 25,
   "city": "Denver",
   "state": "Colorado",
   "population_rank_2023": 19,
   "population_2023": 716577,
   "latitude": 39.76185,
   "longitude": -104.881105,
   "december_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 2.29,
   "september_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 5.37,
   "drop_september_to_december_pct": 57,
   "solstice_daylight_minutes": 561
  },
  {
   "rank": 26,
   "city": "Fresno",
   "state": "California",
   "population_rank_2023": 34,
   "population_2023": 545716,
   "latitude": 36.782684,
   "longitude": -119.793359,
   "december_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 2.24,
   "september_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 6.14,
   "drop_september_to_december_pct": 64,
   "solstice_daylight_minutes": 578
  },
  {
   "rank": 27,
   "city": "Tulsa",
   "state": "Oklahoma",
   "population_rank_2023": 48,
   "population_2023": 411894,
   "latitude": 36.127949,
   "longitude": -95.902316,
   "december_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 2.18,
   "september_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 4.98,
   "drop_september_to_december_pct": 56,
   "solstice_daylight_minutes": 582
  },
  {
   "rank": 28,
   "city": "Virginia Beach",
   "state": "Virginia",
   "population_rank_2023": 43,
   "population_2023": 453649,
   "latitude": 36.779525,
   "longitude": -76.029142,
   "december_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 2.18,
   "september_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 4.49,
   "drop_september_to_december_pct": 51,
   "solstice_daylight_minutes": 578
  },
  {
   "rank": 29,
   "city": "San Jose",
   "state": "California",
   "population_rank_2023": 13,
   "population_2023": 969655,
   "latitude": 37.296011,
   "longitude": -121.814552,
   "december_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 2.17,
   "september_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 6.01,
   "drop_september_to_december_pct": 64,
   "solstice_daylight_minutes": 575
  },
  {
   "rank": 30,
   "city": "Oakland",
   "state": "California",
   "population_rank_2023": 45,
   "population_2023": 436504,
   "latitude": 37.769846,
   "longitude": -122.22569,
   "december_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 2.13,
   "september_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 5.12,
   "drop_september_to_december_pct": 58,
   "solstice_daylight_minutes": 573
  },
  {
   "rank": 31,
   "city": "San Francisco",
   "state": "California",
   "population_rank_2023": 17,
   "population_2023": 808988,
   "latitude": 37.7793,
   "longitude": -122.4193,
   "december_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 2.13,
   "september_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 5.12,
   "drop_september_to_december_pct": 58,
   "solstice_daylight_minutes": 573
  },
  {
   "rank": 32,
   "city": "Memphis",
   "state": "Tennessee",
   "population_rank_2023": 29,
   "population_2023": 618639,
   "latitude": 35.109026,
   "longitude": -89.967455,
   "december_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 2.09,
   "september_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 4.93,
   "drop_september_to_december_pct": 57,
   "solstice_daylight_minutes": 587
  },
  {
   "rank": 33,
   "city": "Sacramento",
   "state": "California",
   "population_rank_2023": 35,
   "population_2023": 526384,
   "latitude": 38.567694,
   "longitude": -121.468161,
   "december_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 1.97,
   "september_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 5.95,
   "drop_september_to_december_pct": 67,
   "solstice_daylight_minutes": 568
  },
  {
   "rank": 34,
   "city": "Nashville",
   "state": "Tennessee",
   "population_rank_2023": 21,
   "population_2023": 687788,
   "latitude": 36.1718,
   "longitude": -86.785002,
   "december_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 1.92,
   "september_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 4.74,
   "drop_september_to_december_pct": 60,
   "solstice_daylight_minutes": 582
  },
  {
   "rank": 35,
   "city": "Washington",
   "state": "District of Columbia",
   "population_rank_2023": 22,
   "population_2023": 678972,
   "latitude": 38.904247,
   "longitude": -77.016517,
   "december_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 1.91,
   "september_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 4.39,
   "drop_september_to_december_pct": 56,
   "solstice_daylight_minutes": 566
  },
  {
   "rank": 36,
   "city": "Kansas City",
   "state": "Missouri",
   "population_rank_2023": 38,
   "population_2023": 510704,
   "latitude": 39.122361,
   "longitude": -94.555117,
   "december_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 1.9,
   "september_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 4.76,
   "drop_september_to_december_pct": 60,
   "solstice_daylight_minutes": 565
  },
  {
   "rank": 37,
   "city": "Baltimore",
   "state": "Maryland",
   "population_rank_2023": 30,
   "population_2023": 565239,
   "latitude": 39.300032,
   "longitude": -76.610476,
   "december_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 1.75,
   "september_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 4.35,
   "drop_september_to_december_pct": 60,
   "solstice_daylight_minutes": 564
  },
  {
   "rank": 38,
   "city": "Omaha",
   "state": "Nebraska",
   "population_rank_2023": 40,
   "population_2023": 483335,
   "latitude": 41.262705,
   "longitude": -96.053475,
   "december_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 1.72,
   "september_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 4.58,
   "drop_september_to_december_pct": 63,
   "solstice_daylight_minutes": 552
  },
  {
   "rank": 39,
   "city": "Louisville",
   "state": "Kentucky",
   "population_rank_2023": 28,
   "population_2023": 622981,
   "latitude": 38.165376,
   "longitude": -85.647377,
   "december_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 1.67,
   "september_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 4.6,
   "drop_september_to_december_pct": 64,
   "solstice_daylight_minutes": 570
  },
  {
   "rank": 40,
   "city": "New York",
   "state": "New York",
   "population_rank_2023": 1,
   "population_2023": 8258035,
   "latitude": 40.662712,
   "longitude": -73.938677,
   "december_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 1.59,
   "september_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 4.45,
   "drop_september_to_december_pct": 64,
   "solstice_daylight_minutes": 555
  },
  {
   "rank": 41,
   "city": "Indianapolis",
   "state": "Indiana",
   "population_rank_2023": 16,
   "population_2023": 879293,
   "latitude": 39.776664,
   "longitude": -86.145935,
   "december_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 1.56,
   "september_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 4.58,
   "drop_september_to_december_pct": 66,
   "solstice_daylight_minutes": 561
  },
  {
   "rank": 42,
   "city": "Philadelphia",
   "state": "Pennsylvania",
   "population_rank_2023": 6,
   "population_2023": 1550542,
   "latitude": 40.009376,
   "longitude": -75.133346,
   "december_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 1.56,
   "september_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 4.22,
   "drop_september_to_december_pct": 63,
   "solstice_daylight_minutes": 559
  },
  {
   "rank": 43,
   "city": "Boston",
   "state": "Massachusetts",
   "population_rank_2023": 25,
   "population_2023": 653833,
   "latitude": 42.338551,
   "longitude": -71.018253,
   "december_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 1.49,
   "september_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 4.27,
   "drop_september_to_december_pct": 65,
   "solstice_daylight_minutes": 544
  },
  {
   "rank": 44,
   "city": "Columbus",
   "state": "Ohio",
   "population_rank_2023": 14,
   "population_2023": 913175,
   "latitude": 39.983938,
   "longitude": -82.984882,
   "december_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 1.48,
   "september_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 4.55,
   "drop_september_to_december_pct": 67,
   "solstice_daylight_minutes": 560
  },
  {
   "rank": 45,
   "city": "Chicago",
   "state": "Illinois",
   "population_rank_2023": 3,
   "population_2023": 2664452,
   "latitude": 41.837045,
   "longitude": -87.684939,
   "december_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 1.41,
   "september_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 4.4,
   "drop_september_to_december_pct": 68,
   "solstice_daylight_minutes": 548
  },
  {
   "rank": 46,
   "city": "Minneapolis",
   "state": "Minnesota",
   "population_rank_2023": 46,
   "population_2023": 425115,
   "latitude": 44.963324,
   "longitude": -93.26832,
   "december_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 1.31,
   "september_sunlight_kwh_m2_day": 4.15,
   "drop_september_to_december_pct": 69,
   "solstice_daylight_minutes": 526
  },
  {
   "rank": 47,
   "city": "Detroit",
   "state": "Michigan",
   "population_rank_2023": 26,
   "population_2023": 633218,
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   "rank": 50,
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  }
 ]
}